Assistant Director and Chief Officer 82E2024/124G2024 27-04-2025

The Poona Pact of 1932 was a negotiated settlement between Mahatma Gandhi and B. R. Ambedkar that increased the political representation of the depressed classes, now known as Scheduled Castes (SC).

Delhi Pact, pact made on April 8, 1950, following the escalation of tension between India and Pakistan in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) after economic relations between the two countries had been severed in December 1949.

Several important agreements exist between India and Pakistan. These include the Indus Waters Treaty (1960), the Agreement on the Prohibition of Attack against Nuclear Installations (1988, exchanged annually), and the Simla Agreement (1972).

1. Wardha Scheme of Basic Education (1937) which is also known as Nai Talim / Buniyadi talim was the outcome of thinking of Mahatma Gandhi.He considered education as an effective instrument of national reconstruction.
2. Dr Zakir Husain was the third President of India and the first Muslim to occupy that post. He was a renowned educationist and intellectual and his contribution in the development of modern India through education is invaluable.For 22 years, he served as Vice Chancellor of Jamia Milia Islamia, making it one of the most distinguished centres of learning.
3. On July 31, 1937, Gandhi had published an article in the Harijan.
4. Based upon this article, an All India National Education Conference was held on October 22 and 23, 1937.
5. The conference is called Wardha Educational Conference and the president of this conference was Gandhi himself.
6. The Work on the Wardha Scheme of Education (1937) was initiated mainly after independence and the basic scheme of education made decent progress for about a decade. But gradually due to several problems and challenges the Wardha Scheme of Basic Education (1937) could not remain permanent. 

✅ Round Table Conferences & Indian National Congress Participation (1930-1932):

1. First Round Table Conference (1930):
   • 📍 Held: London, November 1930 – January 1931
   • ❌ Indian National Congress did NOT attend
   • 🚫 Reason: Congress was engaged in Civil Disobedience Movement
2. Second Round Table Conference (1931):
   • ✅ Indian National Congress attended
   • Represented by Mahatma Gandhi as the sole representative of Congress
   • 🌐 Discussed constitutional reforms
3. Third Round Table Conference (1932):
   • ❌ Indian National Congress did NOT attend again
   • 🚫 Reason: Many Congress leaders were imprisoned after the movement resumed

📌 Summary:

• INC did NOT attend: 1st and 3rd Round Table Conferences
• INC attended: Only the 2nd Round Table Conference (1931) through Gandhi

Round Table Conference Year Congress Participation
| First  | 1930  | ❌ Did Not Attend
| Second  | 1931  | ✅ Attended (Gandhi represented INC)
| Third  | 1932  | ❌ Boycotted again

1. The Nehru Report was presented by Motilal Nehru in 1928.The two Muslims who contributed to writing the Nehru Report in 1928 were Sir Ali Imam and Shoaib Qureshi were Muslim members of Nehru Report.
2. Muhammad Ali Jinnah proposed three key amendments to the Nehru Report during the All Parties Conference in 1928.  The Three Amendments Proposed by Jinnah to the Nehru Report:(1.)Separate Electorates( 2)One-Third Representation for Muslims in All Legislatures(3 )Protection of Muslim Rights in Religion, Culture, and Education:
3. Reject Report Muhammad Ali Jinnah (  Rejected between late 1928 and early 1929 by most major political and communal groups.)The Indian National Congress officially endorsed the Nehru Report at its Lucknow Session in 1928, though not all members agreed with every clause.After the Nehru Report was published in 1928,  Jinnah presented them on 28 March 1929 at the All India Muslim League session in Delhi. The Fourteen Points later became the cornerstone of Muslim political thinking in British India.
4. Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah proposed several amendments to the Nehru Report (1928) in an attempt to make it acceptable to Indian Muslims. These were presented during the All Parties Conference and are known as his "Delhi Proposals" (1927), which later formed the basis for his Fourteen Points (1929).
5. The Nehru Report committee was chaired by Motilal Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru's father. The committee was formed to outline a constitutional framework for India.These Fourteen Points, presented in 1929, summarized the political, cultural, and religious rights that Muslims in India demanded to be safeguarded in any future constitutional arrangement. They were a response to the Nehru Report (1928), which Jinnah and the Muslim League felt did not provide adequate protection for Muslim interests.
6. The "Nehru Report" was prepared by: Motilal Nehru (not Jawaharlal Nehru),as the chairman of the All Parties Conference Committee in 1928.Nehru Report was prepared by Motilal Nehru (1928) Lucknow,  in British India.
7. In the Nehru Report (1928), Hindustani was suggested as the National Language of India.
8. Delhi Proposals were presented by Muslim League leaders, especially Muhammad Ali Jinnah (March1927 in Delhi).

✅ Type of Government Proposed in the Objective Resolution (Pakistan, 1949):

The Objective Resolution proposed the establishment of an:

📜 Islamic and Democratic Government

 Key Features of the Proposed Government:

• ✅Sovereignty belongs to Allah
• ✅Authority shall be exercised by the people through their elected representatives
• ✅The state shall ensure Islamic principles of justice and equality
• ✅Minorities, women, and underprivileged would have their rights protected
• ✅The government would be based on democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance, and social justice as enunciated by Islam

 Passed: March 12, 1949
  Presented by: Liaquat Ali Khan, first Prime Minister of Pakistan.

✅   Quaid-e-Azam’s Command in the Kashmir Issue

The person who did not follow Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s command during the Kashmir issue in 1947 was:

❌ General Douglas Gracey

• Position: Acting Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army (British officer)
• Incident: October 1947

  What Happened?

• When the Kashmir conflict began in October 1947, and tribal forces entered Kashmir, the Maharaja acceded to India, and Indian forces intervened.
• Quaid-e-Azam ordered General Gracey to send Pakistani troops into Kashmir in response.
• General Gracey refused, saying:
  • He could not obey this command without approval from Field Marshal Claude Auchinleck, the Supreme Commander of both Indian and Pakistani forces (under British supervision at the time).
• The issue was taken to the United Nations by India in January 1,1948.

  ✅ First Pakistani Navy Admiral:

•  Name: Rear Admiral James Wilfred Jefford
•  Rank: Rear Admiral
•  Tenure: 15 August 1947 – 1953
•  Nationality: British
•  Position: First Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Navy

    ✅ First Native (Pakistani) Navy Chief:

• Name: Vice Admiral H.M.S. Choudhri
•  Tenure: 1953 – 1959
•  First Pakistani to become Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Navy

🏨 History of PIA’s Hotel – The Roosevelt Hotel, New York

📌 Basic Facts:

• 🏨 Name: The Roosevelt Hotel
• 📍 Location: Midtown Manhattan, New York City, USA
• 🏗️ Opened: September 22, 1924
• 🏢 Owned by: Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) through its investment arm Pakalp (PIA Investments Limited)
• 🏦 Purchase Year: 1979 (PIA became full owner in 1999)

🕰️ Key Historical Timeline:

  ✅ 1924 – Hotel was opened, named after President Theodore Roosevelt

  ✅ 1979 – PIA, via Pak-Arab Investment Company, acquired a major share

  ✅  1999 – PIA purchased 100% ownership of the hotel

  ✅ 2020 – The hotel closed operations in October 2020 citing financial losses due to COVID-19.

 The textile sector is Pakistan’s largest manufacturing industry, accounting for about 60% of exports and employing a significant portion of the industrial workforce .

Famous Cities for Textile Industry in Pakistan:

Here are the top cities in Pakistan known for their textile production and exports:

  ✅ 1. Faisalabad – Manchester of Pakistan

• Specialty: Cotton textiles, yarn, fabric, dyeing, and printing
• Why Famous: Largest textile hub of Pakistan, home to thousands of mills and factories.
• Key Products: Home textiles, garments, towels, knitwear

 ✅ 2. Karachi - Capital of Sindh Province and Pakistan’s largest city

• Specialty: Ready-made garments, knitwear, denim, towels
• Why Famous: Major industrial and export port city, houses many textile export zones.
• Key Products: High-volume production for exports

  ✅ 3. Lahore-City of Gardens
Cultural Capital of Pakistan

• Specialty: Fashion apparel, textile design, branded clothing
• Why Famous: Hub of fashion and branded textiles; combines traditional and modern industries.
• Key Products: Designer clothes, fashion apparel, high-end garments

  ✅ 4. Sialkot- World’s largest hand-sewn football producer 

• Specialty: Sportswear and industrial textiles
• Why Famous: World-renowned for export of sports goods, including textile-based sportswear.
• Key Products: Jerseys, track suits, football kits, gloves

 ✅ 5. Multan- City of Saints 

• Specialty: Handmade textiles, cotton, and embroidered fabrics
• Why Famous: Known for traditional textile crafts and cotton production.
• Key Products: Embroidery, handloom items, khaddar, lawn

🌍 International Comparison

• Dhaka (Bangladesh) – Garments
• Tirupur (India) – Knitwear
• Guangzhou (China) – All categories
  are also textile giants.

📜 According to the Constitution of Pakistan:

The State of Pakistan consists of the following four components (Article 7 of the Constitution):

1.  ✅ Federal Government
2.  ✅ Provincial Governments
3.  ✅ Parliament (National Assembly & Senate)
4.  ✅ Judiciary
5.  ✅ Armed Forces & Law Enforcement Agencies
6.  ✅ Any other authority under the control of the Federal or Provincial Government.

The capital of Liberia is Monrovia. 

Quick Facts:

• 🌍 Located on the Atlantic coast of West Africa
• 📛 Named after James Monroe, the 5th President of the United States
• 🏛️ Monrovia is the largest city and the economic and political center of Liberia
•  Liberia is Africa's first republic, founded by freed American slaves in the 1800s.

Cable Beach is located in Australia.

 Key Facts:

•  ✅  Situated near Broome, in Western Australia
•  ✅  Famous for its white sand, turquoise water, and camel rides at sunset
•  ✅  One of Australia's most iconic beaches
•  ✅  Popular for tourism, especially camel rides along the shore during sunset
•  ✅ There is also a Cable Beach in the Bahamas, but the more famous and commonly referred one is in Western Australia.

The largest ethnic group in Afghanistan is the Pashtuns (also spelled Pushtuns or Pathans)

 Key Facts about Pashtuns:

• 📊 They make up around 40% to 45% of Afghanistan's population (estimates vary).
• 🗣️ Speak Pashto language.
• 🏔️ Mostly live in the southern and eastern regions of Afghanistan.
• 🧱 Traditionally organized by tribes and clans, such as the Durrani and Ghilzai tribes.
• 📜 Known for Pashtunwali, their traditional code of conduct (honor, hospitality, bravery).

Other Major Ethnic Groups in Afghanistan:

Ethnic Group Approx. % Region
   ✅ Tajiks  (25–30%)   Northern & Western Afghanistan
   ✅ Hazaras   (10–15% )  Central Afghanistan (Hazarajat)
   ✅ Uzbeks   (9–10%)  Northern Afghanistan
  ✅ Others   (<10%  )Turkmen, Baloch, Nuristanis, etc.

The Ganda Singh Wala Border connects Pakistan and India, specifically between:

• Ganda Singh Wala, a village in Kasur District, Punjab, Pakistan
• Hussainiwala, a village in Firozepur District, Punjab, India 

🔹 Key Highlights

1. Border Connection
This crossing was historically the main road link between Pakistan (Kasur) and India (Firozepur) during the 1960s and early 1970s. It remained operational until 1986, when it was closed and replaced by the Wagah‑Attari crossing .

2. Beating Retreat Ceremony
Since the late 1960s/1970s, a daily flag‑lowering ceremony (Retreat Ceremony) has been staged here. It's similar to the Wagah ceremony but more intimate and locally focused, with spectators seated close to the border fence and soldiers on both sides performing synchronized drills and lowering national flags.

3. Location & Distance

• About 45 minutes’ drive (≈ 47 km) South-East of Lahore, Pakistan, on the Lahore–Kasur road .
• Directly opposite Hussainiwala village, which lies ~9–10 km from Firozepur, across the Sutlej River.

📌 Summary Table

✅Border Crossing  Ganda Singh Wala (Pakistan) ↔ Hussainiwala (India)
✅Location  Kasur District, Punjab (Pakistan) ↔ Firozepur, Punjab (India)
✅Operational Status  Closed for transit since 1986
✅ Ceremony  Daily flag‑lowering (Beating Retreat) for public viewing
✅Ceremony Style   Smaller & more intimate than Wagah; local audiences seated close by

✅ In One Line:

The Ganda Singh Wala–Hussainiwala border crossing connected Kasur (Pakistan) with Firozepur (India) and now hosts a local flag‑lowering ceremony instead of being open for travel .

    ✅ Sindh Sagar Doab Connects:

     The Sindh Sagar Doab is the land area between the Indus River and the Jhelum River in Punjab, Pakistan.

    Geographical Connection:

• ✅Western boundary: Indus River
• ✅Eastern boundary: Jhelum River
• ✅Sindh Sagar Doab connects the Indus and Jhelum rivers.
• ✅Located in western Punjab
• ✅Includes districts like: Mianwali, Bhakkar, Khushab, Attock, and parts of Dera Ghazi Khan
• ✅It is the largest of the Punjab Doabs (land between two rivers)

✅ Sanghar District in Sindh, Pakistan is famous for the Hur Mujahideen Movement.

 Who Were the Hur Mujahideen?

• The Hur Movement was a freedom movement led by the Hur community  in Sindh, particularly in Sanghar, Tharparkar, and surrounding areas.
• Their leader was Pir Syed Sibghatullah Shah Rashdi II, famously known as Pir Pagara (7th Pir Pagara).

      Role in History:

• The Hurs fought against British colonial rule before and during World War II.
• They launched guerrilla attacks and refused to accept British authority.
• In 1943, the British government executed Pir Pagara in Hyderabad Jail, fearing his growing influence.
• The Hur fighters continued resistance and are remembered as freedom fighters in Sindhi history.

       Why Sanghar Is Important:

• Sanghar was the center of the Hur resistance movement.
• Many Hur Mujahideen operated from here and nearby desert areas.
• It is closely tied to the spiritual and political leadership of the Pir Pagara family.

   Legacy:

• The Hur Movement is recognized as part of Pakistan’s freedom struggle.
• Annual events and tributes are held in Sanghar and other areas of Sindh to remember the sacrifices of Hur Mujahideen.

✅ First Asian Games 

The 1st Asian Games were held in 1951 in New Delhi, India.

📘 Details 

• ✅Host Country: India
• ✅Host City: New Delhi
• ✅Year: 1951
• ✅Dates: 4 March to 11 March 1951
• ✅Organized by: Asian Games Federation
• ✅Participating Nations: 11
• ✅Total Sports: 6 (57 events).

✅ Al-Fatah was founded by Yasir Arafat in 1959 in Kuwait
— a turning point in the Palestinian national movement.

 Facts For Exams:

• ✅Year of Founding: 1959
• ✅Founder: Yasir Arafat, along with exiled Palestinian activists such as Khalil al-Wazir (Abu Jihad)
• ✅Place:  Kuwait, where Arafat and colleagues had been working as engineers
• ✅Full Name: Harakat al-Tahrir al-Watani al-Filastini (Palestinian National Liberation Movement)
• ✅Meaning of Fatah: The word "Fatah" is a reverse acronym of the Arabic name; it also means "conquest" or "victory" in Arabic
• ✅Core Aim: Armed resistance for liberation of Palestine from Israeli occupation
• ✅First Operation: Launched January 1, 1965, against Israeli targets
• ✅Later Role: Became the largest faction of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) by 1969, with Arafat as chairman

 Memory Tip for Exams:

"Fatah = 1959, Kuwait, Arafat’s Vision for Liberation."

The famous animal to be cloned in Scotland was: Dolly the sheep.

✅ Explanation
Dolly the sheep was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell using the process of nuclear transfer. She was cloned in 1996 at the Roslin Institute in Scotland.

Benjamin Franklin, due to his invention of the lightning rod, is known as the:

✅ Father of Electricity

📚 Explanation :

• ✅Benjamin Franklin conducted famous experiments with lightning and electricity using a kite during a thunderstorm.
• ✅His invention of the lightning rod proved that lightning is a form of electricity.
• ✅Because of his pioneering work in the study and practical use of electricity, he is often referred to as the Father of Electricity .

Dr. Sun Yat-sen served as the first provisional president of the Republic of China.

✅ Explanation 

• He is known as the "Father of the Nation" in the Republic of China (Taiwan).
• He played a key role in overthrowing the Qing Dynasty and establishing a republican government.
• He became the first provisional president of the Republic of China in 1912.

✅ China: Capital and Currency.

• Capital of China: Beijing
• Currency of China: Yuan (also called Renminbi, abbreviated as RMB)

🔹 Symbol of Yuan: ¥
🔹 Currency Code: CNY.

✅ Coal Gas 

Definition:

Coal gas is a fuel gas made by destructive distillation of coal, consisting mainly of hydrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide.

🔹 Main Components of Coal Gas:

• ✅Hydrogen (H₂)✅Methane (CH₄)
• ✅Carbon monoxide (CO)✅Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
• ✅Nitrogen (N₂)✅Small quantities of other hydrocarbons (e.g., ethylene)

🔹 Uses of Coal Gas:

• Used as a fuel for:
  • ✅Lighting✅Heating  ✅Cooking (historically in homes and industries)   ✅Also used in the production of ammonia, methanol, and other chemicals

🔹 By-products of Coal Gas Production:

• ✅Coke✅Coal tar✅Ammonia liquor

📚 Explanation for Competitive Exams:

•  🟢 A generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
•  🟢 It converts mechanical energy (motion or movement) into electrical energy.
•  🟢 Mechanical energy is usually provided by: Turbines (powered by steam, water, wind, or engines).

📚 Explanation for Competitive Exams:

• ✅When a ball is thrown vertically upward, it slows down due to the force of gravity.
• ✅At the highest point, the ball momentarily stops before starting to fall back down.
• ✅Therefore, at that exact highest point, its velocity becomes zero.
• 🔁 After reaching the top, the ball begins to accelerate downward due to gravity.

• 🔹 Symbol of Force of Gravity:

• F or Fg (where F stands for Force, and g indicates gravity)
• ✅ Formula:
• F=m×g
  Where:
  • 🔹F = Force of gravity (in Newtons, N)
  • 🔹m = Mass of the object (in kg)
  • 🔹g = Acceleration due to gravity
• 🔹Symbol: F or Fg
• 🔹Value of g: 9.8 m/s²
• 🔹Unit of Force: Newton (N).

 Salivary Amylase (also called Ptyalin)

📚 Explanation for Competitive Exams:

• ✅ The salivary glands in the mouth secrete saliva, which contains the enzyme salivary amylase.
• ✅ This enzyme begins the digestion of starch (a carbohydrate) by breaking it down into maltose (a simpler sugar).
• ✅ Salivary amylase works best in a slightly alkaline or neutral pH .

🟩
 A secondary ceiling hung below the main ceiling

📚 Explanation for Competitive Exams:

• A false ceiling (also called a dropped ceiling, suspended ceiling, or secondary ceiling) is a secondary structure installed below the main (true) ceiling.
• It is commonly used to:
  • 🟢Improve aesthetics
  • 🟢Provide soundproofing
  • 🟢Hide wiring, ducts, or pipes
  • 🟢Enhance lighting (e.g., LED, ambient lighting)
  • 🟢Help with thermal insulation.

📚 Explanation for Competitive Exams:

• ✅ Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by the weight of the air in the atmosphere.
• ✅A decrease in atmospheric pressure often indicates unstable weather conditions.
• It can lead to:
  • ✅Cloud formation
  • ✅ Rainfall
  • ✅ Storms or cyclones

✅ This is because low pressure allows warm, moist air to rise, cool, and condense into clouds and precipitation.

The F1 to F12 keys on your keyboard are known as function keys. Their actions can vary depending on the program or operating system, but here’s a general overview of what each key commonly does:

🔹 F1 – Help Key

• Windows: Opens Help for the current program (e.g., browser, MS Word).
• Chrome/Edge: Opens browser help.
• Shift + F1: In MS Office, opens context help.

🔹 F2 – Rename

• Windows Explorer: Renames selected file or folder.
• Excel: Edits the active cell.

🔹 F3 – Search

• Windows: Opens search in File Explorer.
• Web browsers: Opens search bar (same as Ctrl + F in many apps).

🔹 F4 – Address Bar / Close

• Alt + F4: Closes the current window.
• File Explorer: Focuses address bar.

🔹 F5 – Refresh

• Web browsers: Reloads the page.
• PowerPoint: Starts slideshow.
• Excel/Word: Opens “Find and Replace” (with Ctrl + F5).

🔹 F6 – Navigation

• Moves the cursor to address bar or panes (browser/File Explorer).
• Shift + F6: Moves focus to previous pane.

🔹 F7 – Spell Check

• MS Word/Outlook: Launches spell check and grammar.
• Shift + F7: Opens Thesaurus.

🔹 F8 – Boot Menu / Text Selection

• During boot: Opens Windows startup menu (safe mode).
• MS Word: Extends selection.

🔹 F9 – Refresh Fields / Compile

• Word: Updates fields.
• Outlook: Sends/receives emails.
• Some IDEs: Compile or run code.

🔹 F10 – Menu Activation

• Activates menu bar in apps.
• Shift + F10: Same as right-click (context menu).
• During boot: May open BIOS on some systems.

🔹 F11 – Full Screen

• Browsers: Fullscreen mode toggle.
• Excel: Chart creation (Shift + F11 creates new sheet).

🔹 F12 – Save As / Dev Tools

• Word/Office: Opens "Save As" dialog.
• Chrome/Edge: Opens Developer Tools.
• Shift + F12: Saves document.

Let's solve this using the Simple Interest formula:

🔸 Simple Interest (SI) Formula:

SI=P×R×T/100

Where:

• SI = Simple Interest
• PP = Principal amount = Rs. 450
• RR = Rate of interest = 4.5% per annum
• TT = Time in years (we need to find this)
• SI = Rs. 81

🔸 Plug in the values:

81=450×4.5×T/100 

81=2025×T/100

81×100=2025×T

T=81×100/2025

T=8100/2025

T=4 

✅ Final Answer:

It will take 4 years to yield Rs. 81 interest at 4.5% per annum.

Let's solve the expression step by step:

Use BODMASto decide which to solve first:

• Brackets/Parentheses
• Orders/Exponents
• Division and Multiplication
• Addition and Subtraction

1. (+) + (+) = +
2. (-) + (-) = -
3. (+) + (-) = + (The absolute value of positive number is bigger)
4. (+) + (-) = - (The absolute value of negative number is bigger)
5. (+) × (+) = +;   (+) ÷ (+) = +
6. (-) × (-) = +;   (-) ÷ (-) = +
7. (+) × (-) = -;   (+) ÷ (-) = -
8. (-) × (+) = -;   (-) ÷ (+) = -

Expression:

5+51+(-3)+7+(-5.1)--------

Step 1: Add the positive numbers:

5+51+7= 63

Step 2: Add the negative numbers:

−3+(−5.1)= -8.1

Step 3: Final addition:

63+(−8.1)=63−8.1=54.9

✅ Final Answer: 54.9

Let's solve this step by step using the work per day method.

✅ Step 1: Work done by A and B together

If A and B together finish the work in 12 days, then their 1-day work is:

(A + B)=1/12

✅ Step 2: Work done by A, B, and C together

If A, B, and C together finish the same work in 8 days, then their 1-day work is:

(A + B + C)=1/8

✅ Step 3: Find C’s 1-day work

Now subtract the 1-day work of A + B from A + B + C:

C’s 1-day work=1/8-1/12

To subtract, find LCM of 8 and 12 = 24:

1/8=3/24 &1/12=2/24

3/24-2/24=1/24

✅ Step 4: Time taken by C alone

If C does 1/24 of the work per day, then C alone will finish the job in:

1/1/24=24(Hint a/b/c=ac/b)

✅ Final Answer: C alone will finish the job in 24 days.

The point (0, -7) lies on the:

✅ Negative Y-axis

📌 Explanation:

• The x-coordinate is 0, so it lies on the y-axis.
• The y-coordinate is negative (-7), so it lies below the origin.

✅ Final Answer:

On the  Y-axis